Mass tort cases occur when a defendant company has harmed many people through a similar action and are typically resolved through settlements or monetary compensation. In this case, the methods used can be Class Action Litigation or Multidistrict litigation.
Class action litigation involves the unification of multiple cases under one plaintiff aiming to prove majority harm, and the result of the proceedings will be split equally regardless of harm. On the other hand, multidistrict litigation unifies multiple plaintiffs, each representing their own case aiming to prove each individual harm, and the result of the proceedings will be split according to the degree of harm.
In this scenario, a pharmaceutical company released their new line of vitamins called Vitamin Zhacka, promising to increase the immune system and boost health. However, the product turned out to be flawed, causing mass harm with a wide range from mild tummy aches to crippling gerd. Consequently, a mass tort case has been enacted between the victims and this company.

For the appointment of a Supreme Court justice to occur, the President nominates a candidate for the vacant Supreme Court seat(s), and the Senate confirms the nominee through a majority vote after conducting hearings and reviewing their qualifications. Once confirmed, the nominee becomes a Supreme Court justice.
Justices serve on the Supreme Court until they choose to retire, resign, pass away, or are impeached and removed from office.
The Supreme Court currently has 9 justice seats, and it has maintained this number since 1869.
As of now, the conservative judges sit in the majority with 6 seats and the progressive judges only sit 3 seats.

For the purpose of this debate, 'pre-existence' is the belief that each individual human soul existed before mortal conception and, at some point before birth, enters or is placed into the body. It posits that the soul is able to review and foresee its next life and decide whether or not it wants to live that life.
'Creationism,' on the other hand, is the belief that the individual human soul does not come into existence until conception. This narrative believes that humans don't have an active choice to decide the life they will live and supports the idea that life is a birth lottery.

Quantum immortality suggests that an individual can live forever by always experiencing the version of reality where they survive life-threatening situations due to the branching nature of quantum events. For example, when a person dies because of a car crash, their consciousness will live in a world where the car crash never occurred. In their subjective experience, they will continue to live even if they have died in multiple universes, several times before.
In contrast, quantum mortality acknowledges the inevitability of death and the absence of an eternal or continuous existence. It aligns with the traditional understanding of mortality, where individuals have a finite lifespan and do not persist indefinitely across different quantum states or parallel universes.

New Jersey is currently one of the 24 states in the US that do not set a minimum age for children to be criminally arrested, prosecuted, and punished for their wrongdoings.
In February, Assemblyman Raj Mukherji and Assemblywoman Carol Murphy (D-Burlington) introduced a Juvenile Justice Reform Bill to establish a minimum age for juvenile delinquency in New Jersey. During a legislative hearing in Trenton last month, the Assembly judiciary committee unanimously agreed to set the minimum age at 14 and advanced the bill.
Senator Nellie Pou (D-Passaic) recently introduced a Senate version of the bill, and it is currently awaiting a hearing before that chamber's law and public safety committees.

In a "small target" campaign, a political party deliberately limits the issues for discussion in a campaign. Instead of pushing for sweeping reforms on a wide range of issues, the party focuses on a few key issues and allows its members to have differing opinions on other issues.

Affirmative action involves sets of policies and practices within a government or organization aimed at including particular groups that were historically discriminated against based on their ethnicity. This is usually implemented in areas where such groups are underrepresented, mistreated, or suffer from a lack of public support, such as education and employment. An example would be requiring a quota of women in the parliament.
Earlier in June, the US Supreme Court ruled to end Affirmative Action in Harvard University and the University of North Carolina.

Bank Syariah Indonesia was formed as a result of the unification of three major state-owned Sharia banks, namely Bank BRI Syariah, Bank Syariah Mandiri, and Bank BNI Syariah in 2021. With this merger, BSI has become Indonesia's largest Sharia bank and the sixth-largest national bank in terms of total assets.

This graph illustrates the presence of four major banks in the Indonesian banking industry: BRI, BNI, Mandiri, and BCA. These four banks exhibit a significantly large margin in terms of total assets compared to the rest of the national banks.

The economic policy of the Joe Biden administration, dubbed Bidenomics, is characterized by growing the economy by focusing on the citizens' individual economy and solving problems from the middle class. Unlike the majority of economic policies being implemented with the nature of trickle-down economy, Bidenomics focuses on fixing the economy from within the people.
Bidenomics manifests by directing the majority of government spending toward key industries like clean energy/semiconductor production, repairing and building infrastructures to add accessibility, incentivizing the absorption of workers from existing companies, and etc. Other massive goals include increasing the national minimum wage and expanding worker training, narrowing income inequality, expanding access to affordable healthcare, and forgiveness of student loan debt, all covered by the government's budget.

Wildlife tourism is a form of observation and interaction between tourists with local animals or plants in its natural habitats. The common practices of wildlife tourism looks like Krabi’s Elephant Sanctruary, Whale Watching in Canada, and etc.

Japan has been experiencing a rapid decline in young demographics for quite long now. Educational tourism aims to introduce educational institutions, universities and colleges to tourists (usually the students or people in education), but can consist of anyone. While on the other hand, recreational tourism aims to provide entertainment and recreation to tourists (usually in a form of culinaries, cultural/artsy performance, fashion attributes, and etc.)

A “knockout blow” refers to the military tactic of launching a preemptive strike at a location where another country is supposably developing military weapons.

East Timor is an island country in Southeast Asia that achieved independence from Indonesia in 2002 after decades of violent conflict. A multi-ethnic democracy, it has expressed its interest in joining the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), but has not been accepted. If accepted, it would have by far the smallest GDP of ASEAN states (less than 15% of the next poorest country, Laos) and would have the second smallest population (after Brunei).

An immersive art exhibition involves the viewer in the art viewing experience itself. Utilizing aspects such as visual projections, soundscapes and interactive installations it offers the viewers a different and unique way in consuming art. The most popular example is The Immersive Van Gogh Exhibition.

Art catharsis is the act of purifying emotions or feelings through doing art. This includes, but is not limited to, stress painting, pouring emotions to lyrics, etc.)

Edmund Burke was a philosopher famous for his take on aesthetics in his book: "A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful" (1757). In this work, Burke divided the aesthetic and perception of art into two parts, "beauty" and "the sublime".
For the purpose of this debate:
a. "Beauty" refers to a quality associated with gentle and pleasing emotions that arise from our interactions with the world around us. This means art that provide a sense of reassurance, validation and comfort for its viewers.
b. "Sublime" refers to art that surpasses the boundaries of the beautiful and elicits intense emotions of awe, astonishment, and even terror. He emphasizes that the sublime is associated with qualities of vastness, obscurity, and insignificance. This means as opposed to providing comfort, this art provides a foreign and thought-provoking feeling to its viewers.